Essay on Benefits of Human Cloning - 614 Words

Benefits of Human Cloning Some of the Benefits of cloning are very appealing. Listed below are some of the benefits which could be possible with the use of cloning technology: †¢ Rejuvenation. Dr. Richard Seed, one of the leading proponents of human cloning technology, suggests that it may someday be possible to reverse the aging process because of what we learn from cloning. †¢ Human cloning technology could be used to reverse heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that may have been damaged. †¢ There has been a breakthrough with human stem cells. Embryonic cells can be grown to produce organs or†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Plastic, reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. Because of human cloning and its technology the days of silicone breast implants and other cosmetic procedures that may cause immune disease should soon be over. With the new technology, instead of using materials foreign to the body for such procedures, doctors will be able to manufacture bone, fat, connective tissue, or cartilage that matches the patient’s tissue exactly. Victims of terrible accidents that deformed their face should now be able to have their features repaired with new, safer, technology. Limbs for amputees may be able to be regenerated. †¢ Breast implants. Most people are aware of the breast implant fiasco in which hundreds of thousands of women received silicone breast implants for cosmetic reasons. Many came to believe that the implants were making them ill with diseases of their immune systems. With human cloning and its technology, breast augmentation and other forms of cosmetic surgery could be done with implants that would not be any different from the person’s normal tissue. †¢ Defective genes. The average person carries eight defective genes inside of them. These defective genes allow people to become sick when they would otherwise remain healthy. With human cloning and its technology it may be possible to ensure that we no longer suffer because of our defective genes. †¢ Tay-Sachs disease. This is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, and could be preventedShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Human Cloning1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe Benefits of Human Cloning There are many ways in which in which human cloning is expected to benefit mankind. Below is a list that is far from complete. †¢ Dr. Richard Seed, one of the leading proponents of human cloning technology, suggests that it may someday be possible to reverse the aging process because of what we learn from cloning. †¢ Human cloning technology could be used to reverse heart attacks. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning theirRead MoreThe Benefits Of Human Reproductive Cloning989 Words   |  4 PagesIn measuring the benefits, human reproductive cloning would be advantageous to the well-being of humans and because it is a fulfillment of personal autonomy. Firstly, this technique is a sound method for infertile couples to have a genetically related ‘child’ and it is a method to provide a patient medical treatment in a form of gene therapy or organ transplants (Hayry 2003). Secondly, the value of personal self-governance has been emphasized by human traditions in which the liberty of individualsRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Human Cloning1005 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Human Cloning In recent years, many new breakthroughs in the areas of science and technology have been discovered. A lot of these discoveries have been beneficial to scientific community and to the people of the world. One of the newest breakthroughs is the ability to clone. Ever since Ian Wilmut and his co-workers completed the successful cloning of an adult sheep named Dolly, there has been an ongoing debate on whether it is right or wrong to continueRead MoreThe Benefits of Human Cloning Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe Benefits of Human Cloning This paper was written to show the reader with information on how cloning a human is a good idea. It may be too soon right now to clone a human, but in the near future scientists will be capable of cloning a human successfully. The rapid development of the technology for cloning has led to moral debates around the world on whether or not to ban cloning humans. With the advancement of clone technology two states, California and Michigan, have alreadyRead More The Benefits of Responsible Human Cloning Essay3100 Words   |  13 PagesThe Benefits of Responsible Human Cloning      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On an unremarkable afternoon in July of 1996, in an unremarkable shed in Scotland, a lamb was born. This lamb was to spark a controversy that would be one of the defining arguments of this era. This lamb, simply named Dolly (after Dolly Parton in reference to the mammary cell used as the donor), was the first clone to be born using specialized cells from an adult mammal. The fact that the lamb was cloned from these specialized cells -Read MoreEssay about Human Cloning: A Benefit to Humanity607 Words   |  3 Pages What would you think if you were to able to talk to an exact clone of yourself? Most people think that cloning is part of science fiction but can be done and in June of 1997, scientists in Scotland were successfully able to clone a sheep. This major step in cloning raised question in the scientific world. Many people ask is cloning ethical to humanity? To some people, being able to clone is like â€Å"playing God†. To me, is beneficiary to humanity if used in a manner to help, not harm. Statistics fromRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Cloning1068 Words   |  5 PagesCloning Cloning has been one of the most widely discussed and controversial scientific topics in the past decade. Cloning has been applied in many fields including the creation of new breeds of plants and animals. However, the cloning of plants has been practiced for hundreds of years. Cloning can be done on a larger level in animals and has potential benefits. The general process of cloning is to take one cell from the parent making the offspring and parent genetically identical (Tsunoda andRead MoreIs Human Cloning Legal? Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesHuman cloning has not been legally used in humans because many people and experts are still discussing its effectiveness, worthiness and effect on humanity. Human cloning, also known as human genetic engineering, can be divided into two main types, which are therapeutic cloning, growing cloned tissue from individual, and reproductive cloning, genetically identical copy of an individual. Human cloning have drawn people’s attention be cause people are become more concerned about health problems andRead MoreCloning And Its Implications On Human Cloning1497 Words   |  6 PagesCloning and Its Sociobiological Implications Picture this: walking down a street and seeing someone who looks exactly like you. They do the same things as you, act the same way you do, and are exactly alike in several ways. But have people ever considered the consequences of human cloning if it becomes permitted? Human cloning might seem like something out of a science-fiction novel, but it may someday be possible with advances in science and technology. This will result in the creation of severalRead MoreHuman Cloning Is Not More Difficult Than Cloning921 Words   |  4 PagesHuman cloning involves removing the nucleus of a human egg and replacing it with the nucleus of an existing person (Glannon, p. 89). It is the genetic duplication of an existing person (CGS). Identical twins are a naturally occurring cloning (Science Daily). Several countries worldwide have bans on human cloning (Kilner). The U.S. government has cut funding for cloning research (Kilner). Arguments in favor of human cloning point out the benefits of advan cing technology, while those against question

Principal methods for healthcare research Free Essays

Introduction Bulimia Nervosa (BN) is an eating disorder, which is characterised by repeated episodes of over eating and bingeing and by a set of compensatory behaviours intended to cause weight loss which includes vomiting, purging, fasting and excessive exercise. The American Psychiatric society (A.P. We will write a custom essay sample on Principal methods for healthcare research or any similar topic only for you Order Now A. DSM-IV, 2000) and the World Health Organisation ( World Health Organization. International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva, Switzerland: W.H.O., 1992), both suggest the following diagnostic criteria for the disorder 1. A persistent preoccupation with eating and irresistible craving for food. 2 .Repeated episodes of binging/overeating in which large quantities /amounts of food are consumed 3. Patients experiencing BN take excessive measures to compensate for the ‘fattening‘effects of food e.g. vomiting, purging and fasting. The Beating Eating Disorder Association (BEAT). Formerly known as the Eating Disorders Association, a voluntary sector group in the UK., as provided figures that up to 1.15 million people in the UK, experience a significant problem with BN, and up to 90.000 people are receiving treatment at any one time. It is not therefore surprising that BN is a major and widespread problem. Consequently a number of treatments have been developed and trialled, based on focused research, and developing an evidence base. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE). Published guidance in 2004, (Eating disorders: Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) 2004). Which recommends Cognitive Behavioural therapy (CBT) as an efficacious treatment as well as Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s) such as Fluoxetine. Research in this area is an important on a number of counts. Firstly, on clinical intervention grounds so that the treatment offered for the disorder can be expanded and improved and secondly given that the Disorder was only recognised in 1979 ( Russell, G.1979), and with a widespread epidemiology, sufferers experiences of the disorder are important in clinical practice to deepen understanding of sufferers experiences.. The two papers presented here both focus on the condition from different perspectives and ask different questions. The first paper is a qualitative study: Binge and purge Processes in Bulimia Nervosa: A Qualitative Investigation (Jeppson et al. 2003) using a grounded theory design focusing on the two core diagnostic behaviours of BN; binging and purging. They aimed to elucidate information on these processes and their function for Bulimic’s experience. The second paper is a comparative intervention study, following a quantitative research design – a form of Randomised Control Trial (RCT) – Cognitive-Behavioural, Fluoxetine and Combined Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa: Short- and Long-term Results (Jacobi et al.2002). Both papers illustrate their design paradigms and contain a number of flaws, which will be discussed in relation to their respective research methods. Their Respective Research Design and philosophy Jeppson et al(2003), deployed a qualitative research design, which followed a grounded theory approach (Glaser Strauss,1967). Grounded theory was originally developed by these social researchers, before the approach ‘split’ into different camps, (Stebbins, R.A., 2001), the approach essentially emphasizes the ’generation of theory’ from data that is acquired in the actual process of conducting the research. So rather than beginning with an hypothesis that needs to be tested that is the hallmark of the experimental quantitative research design, grounded theory begins the research process with an aim for exploration. The quantitative paradigm illustrated by the Jacobi et al. (2002) paper, forms the basis of RCT’s and Therapy trials which are common in much of health care research, including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and treatment approaches/interventions to Bulimia Nervosa. At its philosophical ‘core’ is the notion of empiricism (Owen, F. Jones R, 1977), whereby quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships are observed and studied. Thus the process of measurement is crucial to the paradigm and this affords the connection between ‘empirical’ observations i.e did X effect Y and mathematics, through the expression of quantitative relationships As measurement is crucial to the quantitative paradigm, the choice of Randomised Comparison Study is entirely appropriate for the Jacobi investigation, as it wants to compare the treatment effects of three different conditions treating the disorder. Studies of this type are a form of scientific experiment, with RCT’s often referred to as the ‘gold standard’ for intervention studies (Cartwright, A. 2007). They are often used for ‘safety’ studies in drug trials and for testing the effectiveness of clinical interventions and services The two research studies presented here, display different philosophical foundations, which shape their whole approach to research deign. The Contrasting Research Hypothesizes Jeppson et al (2003), developed an aim for their qualitative study based on previous research they had encountered on the BN binge-purge process that is seen to be central to the disorder. The study was not concerned with assessing the ‘effects’ of interventions on binge and purge behaviour, but rather to try and understand what these behaviours meant and the functions they served for the patients they studied. They considered in previous research that quantitative methods, had focused on self-monitoring of these episodes and ranking them to ‘measure’ links to mental state e.g. Stress, and had deemed that it had not sufficiently led to an understanding of their function as experienced by BN patients themselves. They had an idea that these behaviours were crucial and played a part in assisting sufferers with their ‘emotional regulation’, but were curious and wished to expand an understanding of their role. They therefore set out with an ‘aim’ for the research to find out what BN patients experiences of these two processes and the meanings /function they served for them, I believe this ‘aim’ was entirely congruent with the qualitative method, and provided a question that RCTs looking at interventions had not and could not study. The Jacobi et al., paper(2002), asked a different set of questions. They were interested in how CBT compared with the SSRI – Fluoxetine, and a combination of them both . They considered that both the psychological (Wilson, G.T., Fairburn, C.G., 1993) and pharmacological interventions (Goldstein et al.,1995) had developed an evidence base for treating BN. They designed an ambitious study to investigate the question of the relative short and long-term effectiveness of the three interventions. They questioned whether the combined approach would be more beneficial in the long-term, as previous research studies investigating a combination approach, had experienced high drop-out rates due to the side effects of the of the SSRI, which may have influenced their results. The study did not include a control or placebo condition, which would be the normal procedure for intervention type studies.The reason for this was that they considered previous research had demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT and Fluoxetine, and was not needed. The study had four aims: To compare the effectiveness of CBT, Fluoxetine and there combination, to compare the short and long-term effects of these treatments. To inquire about the possible ‘additive’ effect of combined intervention and to examine the differential effects of the treatments. These types of intervention question are suitable for a randomised study as the questions Jacobi and team are asking are essentially ones of intervention and differential effectiveness/measurement on a number of variables e.g. Binging and purging episodes, short and long term effects as ascertained by validated psychological questionnaires and clinical interview. Approaches to sampling It is generally considered that sample size is generally much smaller in qualitative studies than those recruited for quantitative studies such as RCT’s (Cresswell,J.W., 2003). As qualitative studies are generally smaller in size, criticisms have been leveled at this paradigm. Although the paradigm does not seek to study the ‘total‘ population, issues surrounding diversity and variation within a population are often cited (Jones,2007). The Jeppson study used only eight participants The approach to sampling used in the study is important as the process of selecting participants is relevant to the aims of the study. They used purposeful sampling to generate the data for their enquiry. Purposeful sampling generally refers to the selection of participants who have experience or knowledge of the area under investigation (Procter et al, 2010) As all participants were selected with a specific diagnosis of BN (APA., DSM-IV,1994) they would all currently have experiences of the processes under investigation. They were recruited from a suburban area in Utah, USA., Descriptive information, including socio economic variation, inpatient and out patient status and educational information was given.This form of sampling used in the study is not random or based on statistical probability as in quantitative studies. Sampling in quantitative research design, especially RCT’s, differs. This type of sampling is in essence the selection of of observable units, which can be measured (Maxim, P.S., 1999). As outlined in the introduction, BN is widespread in the UK (and other european countries). It is not possible in the Jacobi study to observe the effects of the treatment interventions with the whole population of people experiencing BN. Therefore quantitative studies tend to study a sample of the group or population which may represent the larger population. The study recruited its patents by a mixture of media advert and direct referral to the Department of Psychology at the University of Hamburg. All underwent telephone screening, by a clinician not involved in the study (to assess inclusion criteria) and a semi structured psychiatric interview,and physical examination As selecting people for therapy trials is open to sampling errors, in that some people selected,may be ‘exceptional’ or ‘different’ from those of the larger ‘Bulimic’ population.The method attempts minimize these possibilities, by careful inclusion/exclusion criteria and the random distribution of the participants into one of the three treatment conditions[1] The size of sample for the Jacobi study is more important than the qualitative study, to gain meaningful results. Data Collection Methods and Data analysis The Jeppson et al study (2003) study, collected its data from interviewing eight participants who agreed to take part in the study, by using a semi-structured interview format, lasting one hour. The semi-structured format differs from a more limited ‘formalized’ set of questions, by nature of its flexibility. It allows for new questions to be added in response to what the interviewee says, inviting and generating further information, which the study utilised. The study used a ‘framework’ and ‘interview guide’, which is a collection or set of topics to guide the interview process (Lindlof Taylor, 2002). The paper, makes reference to this, but does not provide specific details of what constituted the ‘guide. To enhance validity, ‘member checks’ were conducted post interview, all participants received a 20 minute phone call, where findings were ‘shared’; allowing corrective feedback on accuracy. Transcripts were also read by three mental health professionals The study reported that ‘redundancy’ or theoretical saturation occurred between interview 5-7. Grounded theory employs this framework, so sampling frame may be modified as a result of a process deemed, ‘constant comparison analysis’ i.e, that data is determined by its recurrence and re-evaluation to assist with the ‘theorizing process’ of the area under investigation. The type of process involved in the purposeful sampling used in Jeppson’s study, accepts that it is impossible to identify ahead of time, all categories of emergent data that the researcher needs to review. So its is purposely designed to pursue data collection categories to the point of concept or ‘data saturation’, which occurs when the data is stable and the pattern(s) unlikely to change (Locke,2001). They found this occurred during the interviewers 5-7, and added 1 further interview according to protocol. (Lincoln Guba, 1985) Once Jeppson collected the data, key points were assigned (or marked) to it, referred to as ‘codes’. Concepts and categories were then then worked out. The categories that emerged are seen within this methodology as the basis of theory generation for the study. This process as been referred to by Glaser and Strauss (1967) as the reverse emergence ‘hypothesis’. Thus, it was considered that to gain information on the participants binge and purging behaviours it was best to ask them about their experiences so as generate theory from their responses, rather than to come to the study with a pre-determined hypothesis or theory which needed testing. As the researcher is part of the ‘research process’ and data collection, ‘reflexivity’, is a feature of the data collection process. This can be divided into ‘personal reflexivity’ and ‘epistemological reflexivity’. ‘Personal reflexivity’ involves the researcher being aware and examining their own values, experiences etc. and how this may have shaped the research. It also involves thinking about how the research may have affected and possibly changed people and researchers. ‘Epistemological reflexivity’ as such, asks how the research question is defined and conducted and how it may of limited what was foundby asking searching questions about the data and its findings (Willig,C. 2001). Jeppson notes, that he was ‘aware’ of himself and the potential influence on the study. Jacobi, collected its data by using a battery of validated Psychological Measures to assess outcomes from the three intervention conditions.They were administered at pre and post treatment, and at 3 months and one year follow up. Descriptive statistics[2] were given using the mean[3] and standard deviation[4] of patients with regard to age, marital status, and education. Frequency of binging and vomiting, onset of these behaviours , lowest BMI etc., no table provided. Data analysis was conducted by using a number of inferential statistical tests, to ‘measure’ and quantify a host of possible influences on the outcome results obtained form the measures of each condition. Individual one-way analyses of variance ( ANOVAs) were used to compare data, i.e., demographics, clinical variables: frequency of binging etc pre and post. The ANOVA technique involves measuring the variance of the group means and comparing that to the variance predicted if all groups were randomly sampled from the same population i.e ANOVA, tests hypotheses about the mean(s) of a dependent variable(s) e.g frequency of binge eating across the different treatment groups, in relation to the independent variables i.e. group condition To analyze the differential effects of the 3 treatments is was originally proposed to use uni and multivariate analyses of covariance[5], e.g .to study the covariance of say mood state with frequency of purging across the treatment conditions, to see if the amount of change between two or more variable maps changes in another variable, an estimate of correlation.[6] Sample size, through attrition was assessed as to small to run theses tests, at one year follow up. The ANOVAs and MANOVA tests used in this study produce the F-statistic[7], which is used to calculate the P-value,[8] and significance. The choice of tests was appropriate[9], given 3 treatment conditions, and the comparative nature of the research question/hypotheses. A intention to treat analysis, conducted for drop-outs was in line with the research protocol for this study design. Quality of studies The two papers have approached the subject of BN from different research designs. It is important when considering research papers to assess their quality, in respect of their chosen methods. Jeppson’s paper, in a my opinion is a well designed study. The aim is suited to qualitative methodology. Assessing the quality of the study as proved challenging as its requires a different set of criteria, from quantitative research (table 1), And Patton (2002), outlines a series of considerations to establish rigor for qualitative research (table 2 ). The use of one interviewer, sample containing severe bulimics (Anorexia?), may have influenced the themes and results Also some ‘reporting issues‘ concerning method etc,, can all factors effecting quality. Table1 . Critical evaluation of qualitative study Table 2. Criteria to establish rigor in qualitative studies Criteria to establish rigor in qualitative methods. Patton (2002) p.552-558 Study:Jeppson et al (2003) Binge and Purge Processes in Bulimia Nervosa: A Qualitative Study My interpretation (a)Persistent observation(b) Peer debriefing (c)Progressive subjectivity (d) Member checks (e)Triangulation (f) Transferability (g) Dependability (h)Authenticity and fairness (i) confirmabilityThemes became redundant before last interview -observationStudy does not mention that this procedure occurred. Unclear in paper- could be implicit in methodology, not mentioned overtly Yes conducted Yes Makes case in conclusion for clinical enrichment and therapeutic alliance Process was of medium/high quality – audit conducted Study was conducted and reported with ‘fairness’ to process Researcher is ‘aware’ of potential influence – audit conducted The Jacobi research aims were entirely suited to the quantitative randomised trial it adopted to look at the effect of the three treatment interventions and there effects in the short and long term . It, however, suffers from a number of serious flaws, undermining its validity and effects when assessed to by RCT quality criteria (Greenhalgh T.,2006). Firstly, the study fails to provide a power calculation. For to detect differences between the three intervention groups using randomisation, it is considered that the study should be ‘powered’ i.e contain enough patients to determine statistical accuracy. Normally 80% is considered the minimum standard of accuracy for clinical trails. (Ellis, Paul D, 2010), and leaves it open to type 2 errors.[10] This was not assisted by the attrition rate, especially at follow up. It contributed to the study being significantly ‘underpowered’, so much so that the results at one year follow-up being of poor quality, the results could be dismissed[11] (Table 3 provides a critical evaluation) Table 3. Critical evaluation of quantitative study. Question Study: Jacobi et al. (2002) Cognitive-behavioural, Fluoxetine and Combined Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa: Short and long term results Does the study address the focussed question?Yes Were the patients randomly selected from a defined population?Patients were selected/recruited by advertisement and referral to the Psychology dept. Of Hamburg University. All had met the diagnostic criteria for BN. Was the assignment of patients to the intervention and control group randomised?There was no control group. Study compared effects of three different treatment conditions. Paper states they were randomised, but does not say how and by what method Were the participants and observers both blinded?Not stated though this difficult to achieve within psychotherapy trials Aside from the intervention were the groups treated equally?Yes Was a follow up completedYes- at I year Did the study have adequate power to see an effect if there was one?No, there was no power calculation provided though this is common in psychotherapy intervention trials/studies. Very high attrition rate – at follow up. Were all the patients who entered the trial properly accounted for?Full disclosure is given about the dropouts, calculations were made that suggest that the results at follow up lack validity Were the results of the trial presented in a manner that allowed for full examination?No: adequate data was presented on tests MANOVA/ANOVA. Ci’s not reported Secondly, the randomization procedure which gives the randomized controlled trial its strength. The investigators did not provide details of the randomization methods its used for the study[12], although this may be attributable to poor reporting, its is a significant emission (Jadad, 1998). The paper whilst providing a range of data, omits to report confidence intervals (CI)[13] for the three conditions and its results, and their were no proposed effect sizes included the aims/hypotheses. Discussion Both studies addressed their research using different methods. Both were appropriate for the investigation, illustrating that methodology needs to be tailored to the aim/hypotheses of the question under investigation. The Jeppson study was well designed, and managed to explore its research aim sufficiently, so some its findings had generalisability in treatment settings, and would benefit the CBT practitioner working with BN and aid ‘therapeutic alliance’ by taking into account its findings. By increasing understanding of how the processes have functions for the individual, well beyond the ‘behaviour’ itself. Jacobi’s study, although ambitious with a good design in principle, was seriously flawed. The under-powering of the study, the absence of good reporting on a number of methods and data, leave the study flawed. Its hypothesis and aims were suited to the methodology, but its sample size and attrition rate made generalizability of the results difficult. It did provide some evidence (weak), that CBT is efficacious for the treatment of BN, which continues in clinical practice. Word Count: 3489 References American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington DC., American Psychiatric Association. Cartwright, N. (2007). â€Å"Are RCTs the Gold Standard?† Biosocieties(2): 11-20. Cresswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA., Sage. Daly, J., Lumley, J. (2002). â€Å"Bias in Qualiative Research.† Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 26(4): 299-230. Ellis, P. D. (2010). The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: An Introduction to Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis and the Interpretation of Research Results. Cambridge, C.U.P. Glaser, G. B., Strauss, A. L. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory. Chicago, Aldine Publishing Company. Goldstein, D. J., Olmsted, M., Thompson, V.L., Potvin, j.H., Rampey, A.H. (1995). â€Å"Long term Fluoxitine treatment of bulimia nervosa.† British Journal of Psychiatry(166): 660-666. Greenhalgh, T. (2006). How to read a paper: the basics of evidence based medicine. London., BMJ Publishing Group. Jacobi, C., Dahme, B. Dittmann, R. (2002). â€Å"Cognitive-Behavioural, Fluoxitine and Combined Treatment for Bulimia Nervosa: Short- and Long-Term Results.† European Eating Disordrs Review(10): 179-198. Jadad, A. R. (1998). Randomised controlled trials: a user’s guide. London, BMJ Books. Jeppson, J. E., Scott Rchards, P., Mac Hardman, R.K. Mac Granle, H. (2003). â€Å"Binge and Purge processes in Bulimia Nervosa: A Qualitative Investigation.† Eating Disorders(11): 115-128. Jones, R. (2007). â€Å"Strength of evidence in qualitative research.† Journal of Clinical Epidemiology(60): 321-323. Lehman, A. K., Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic inquirey. London., Sage. Lindlof, T. R., Taylor, B.C. (2002). Qualitative Communication Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA., Sage Publications Locke, K. (2001). Grounded Theory in Mangement Research. London, Sage Publications. Maxim, P. S. (1999). Quantitaitive research methods in the social sciences. oxford., Oxford University Press. NICE. (2004). Eating disorders: Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders. N. I. f. H. a. C. Excellence. Owen, F., Jones R, (1977). Statistics. London, Polytech Publishers. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research Evauation Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA., Sage Publications. Procter, S., Allan, T., Lacey, A. (2010). Sampling. The Research process in Nursing. Eds Gerrish, Lacey, A. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell. Ragin, C. C. (1994). Contructing Social Research: TheUnity and Diversity of Method, Pine Forge Press. Russell, G. (1979). â€Å"Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa.† Psychological Medicine 9(3): 429-480. Stebbins, R. A. (2001). Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA:, Sage Publications. W.H.O. (1992). International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Geneva, Switzerland: . Willig, C. (2008). Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology. Maidenhead, Open University Press. Wilson, G. T., Fairburn, C.G. (1993). â€Å"Cognitive treatments for eating disorders.† Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology(61): 261-269. How to cite Principal methods for healthcare research, Essays

Works Of Art Compaired Essay Example For Students

Works Of Art Compaired Essay Although art might be from the same time periods or a different time period, same regions or different regions one thing can or might hold true. Art might have some of the same things in common with one another. I am going to try to look at three pieces of art from the same style. I will try to make some interesting evaluations of the works. Baroque art is a style which is knows for its drama and theatrically. It was a creation of the Papacy in Rome (Sayre, H. M. 2007, 477). It is a style of art developed in Europe around the early 17th to mid 18th century. It emphases on drama, curving forms and elaborate ornamentation. The calling of St. Mathew is a masterpiece in its own. It was painted by Michelangelo Mersi Da Caravaggio and was completed in 1599-1600. In this painting a single widow is seen it the foreground. Although it is a window not much light seem to be emanating through it. There is a table with 5 patrons seated; one of the patrons seems to be huddled over what appears to be money. The overall outlook of the room seems to be dull and gloomy. At the right of the painting there are two men. On of these men happen to be Jesus Christ. It appears as though Jesus is casting a beam of light on one of the men sitting at the table. We can also see that Jesus is not wearing any shoes, this might be looked at as a sign of holiness or as though he was treading on holy ground. The style of the particular piece seems to conform to the Baroque style of art. Caravaggio was considered enigmatic, fascinating, dangerous and rebellious. He came upon the scene in 1600s. Huge churches were being built in Rome around this time. The churches were searching for painting to fill them. The church was looking for authentic religious art. Around this time most of the art was influenced by the church. Religious art, sculpture were every where to be found. The church had almost supreme power. Many of the art that was painted or sculpted around this time were based on religion (Archive). At 24 Caravaggio what commissioned by a Cardinal to paint for the church of San Lugi Dei Frances. He was known for his realistic naturalism. Is work that he produced of the life of St. Mathew caused a public outcry? Although he was criticized his reputation grew. He has several encounter wit the law in Rome. At one point he was imprisoned. He had fled Rome ad had kept moving until he reached Naples. He painted their for a while awaiting a pardon for the Pope. In 1608 he went to Malta where he was welcomed with open arms. Over the next few years he still continued to flee. But despite this his painting were considered some of the greatest of his times. Much of his inspiration came for the time period of when the church had a major influence on everyday life as well as his turbulent life. Another paint that is in the style of Baroque is the Resurrection of Christ this was painted by Rembrandt Can Rijn. Rembrandt was known for his portraits (Sayre, H. M. 2007, 480). This paint shows an almost biblical story of the resurrection of Jesus Christ. We can see in the painting that there are three women. One of the three women is said to be Mary. It appears as thought the women came to the tomb where Jesus was buried. But instead of finding the body of Jesus they found and Angel instead. You can also see that their was a use of emotional contrast between light and dark that was used to show emotional differences. In this painting we can see how the artist uses light to draw attention to the key parts of this painting. Two elements of Rembrandt work that made him eternal was his strong scenes of composition and his mastery of light. Rembrandt was a Dutch artist who was considered one of the greatest painters in history. He has an uncanny sense of human nature. He was born in Leiden on July 15th 1601. His parents took great care in his education but he was not very interested in school. Computers In World EssayThey are all based on Religion. Correggios painting, the calling of St. Mathew, Rembrandts the Resurrection of Christ and Carracci Flight into Egypt. They all the same things in common, they are all based on a religious theme. Despite the different styles of each artist you can see Cleary see that based on the time period, all three of the artist had some religious influences in some way, and it is clearly seen in their paintings. The Catholic Church at this time had more power than the local governments. I think that it was more people were afraid of going against the church. Caravaggio and Rembrandt had a form of art called chiaroscuro, this form of art once applied to the early method of printing; it also refers to works in black and white monotones. The artist used color and manipulated it to achieve a range of emotional effects. Carracci portrayed restrained feelings in accordance with dignity and decorum. Caravaggio and Rembrandt depicted religious ecstasy, physical sensuality and individual physiology in their painting. This art is cauterized by technical brilliance. These artists achieved a remarkable level of harmony in their paintings. Theses pieces of art bring out a level of spectacular visual effects. The painting has a highly developed form of naturalistic illusionism; this is usually bought out by dramatic lighting effects. This creates an effect of energy and movement. The content and subject matter of the three painting are somewhat similar in many respects. First off the subject matter of all three paintings has to do with religion. The manipulation of space and the underlying figures of naturalistic treatment of subject matter were portrayed in these paintings. The use of dramatic lighting effects in the painting of the calling of St. Mathew employs an almost spotlight effect to engulfs the key elements of this painting. The other painting also utilizes almost the same dramatic lighting effects to draw interest to the subject matter. We can see how in the painting the Resurrection of Christ how the effect of light which the angelic for of Jesus it engulfed in it draw bearing on the subject matter of the painting. In contrast to Caravaggio, Carracci created an ideal classical landscape in which order is shown in nature by the balance of the subject matter in the painting. I think that art is really in the eye of the beholder, art also can stem from personal feelings, tragedy, time periods and social influence this is just to name a few. I have seen and reviewed all type of art thought-out this course and one thing that stand out is how it has that particular piece came to be and what inspired the artist to create the work. I think that art is an extension of your inner being; it is an expression of the individual. Art is your subconscious letting loose. What one person considers art someone else might see as junk? Art also has many different meanings; it depends on what you as an individual make out of the subject matter. So in conclusion is this really art?